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Decisions about who Is considered needy and how they are to be helped are dependent on our economic development, political views, and are often dependent on government resources (Stern & Axial, 2012). In research, primary data sources are beneficial when assisting the learner to completely understand every facet of a topic as It relates to the topic of discussion or a body of work. As it pertains to social welfare, it is vital to build a foundation which encompasses past, present and future happenings that will impact the body of work.While doing research web-sites about primary documents as it relates social welfare policy, the following site seemed useful http://www. Ass. Gob/history/PDF/heisted. PDF. The Historical Development document discusses the history of the U. S. Social Welfare structure. There is also an interactive timeline provided for the Social Security Acts and the Development of U. S. Social Security Programs. One is provided a sequential view of the progression of t he Development of U. S.Social Security Programs, such as unemployment, Public Assistance, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families In 1 996 TAN), Public Housing, National School Lunch Program and the Food Stamp Program, amongst many more programs. This tool has provided this learner an insight to the key historical, political and social events that have impacted our country. As The united States approached the sass's, the Great Depression was upon us, which resulted in our government taking a greater role in helping the poor and the establishment of the Social Security Act of 1935.As one continues to study the history of social welfare, we will began to gain a better understanding of what drives our programs as well as how we can contribute to their success. Reference: Axial, J. , & Stern, M. (2012). Social welfare: A history of the American response to need (8th deed. ). Boston, MA: Allan and Bacon. Http://www. Ass. Gob/holster/PDF/ Halsted. PDF. Web-site Search By Krishna reforms o f today. Be sure to format your citation in proper PAP format in your The history of Human Services is important for us to understand so we can grasp the goals of our current social welfare programs.

Naeyc Code of Ethics Essay

The Code of Ethics define the core values of the field and provides guidance for what professionals should do when they encounter conflicting obligations or responsibilities in their work. In this essay I will be comparing four different codes of ethics and also reflecting their differences. The four codes involved are the NAEYC Code of Ethical Conduct, the Nursing Code of ethics, the National Education Association-Code of Ethics in Education Profession, and the Psychology Code of Ethics. I will talk about each code separately, as they are the same, and as they are different. I will start with the NAEYC Code of Ethical Conduct. This code offers guidelines for responsible behavior and sets forth a common basis for resolving the principle ethical dilemmas encountered in early childhood care and education. This code includes core values, ideals, and principles. It is broken down into four main sections. The first section refers to ethical responsibilities to children. It explains how we as early childhood educators are dedicated to support children’s development, growth, and learning. We have to be very committed to the fact that childhood is a very unique and valuable stage in the human life cycle. The second section talks about ethical responsibilities to families. Because families are of primary importance in children’s development and the early childhood practitioner has a common interest in the child’s well-being, we develop relationships of mutual trust with the families we serve. The NAEYC code then goes on to section three, it talks about ethical responsibilities to colleagues. The code refers to colleagues as co-workers, employers, and employees. It states that a caring, cooperative workplace sustains positive relationships. Human dignity should be respected and professional satisfactory shall be promoted. Lastly but not least, section four that talks about our ethical responsibilities to our community. It says that our responsibilities to the community are to provide programs that meet the diverse needs of families, cooperate with agencies and professionals that share the responsibility for children, to assist families in gaining access to professionals, and to assist in the development of community programs that are needed. Next on the list, the Nursing Code of Ethics.

Inclusion Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Inclusion - Term Paper Example The irrevocable truths about nature are only two; diversity and dynamicity.Everything else is ephemeral. Both of these attributes in any setting provide opportunities as well as resources for developing new concepts and strategies The concept of inclusion has gathered impetus from this diversity or from being differently-abled rather than social, cultural and even scientific biases categorizing them as â€Å"disabled†. However, the issue involves the intricacies of human brain; of the differently-abled as well as of those who are responsible for facilitating their learning. Hence, the problem is much more complex. The ongoing inclusion vs. non-inclusion debate stems from the concerns of educationists, researchers, parents and policymakers for the appropriate learning and development of these differently-abled children, efforts to make them a part of the real world, recognize their potentials and help develop skills enabling an earning, and in the process avoiding any incident that may lower their self esteem, or lead to their further exclusion. Another aspect of the debate is the uniqueness of these individuals, rendering generalizations unfair. History of Inclusion A society is judged by the way it treats its members who are different, weak, disabled and poor. Following this line of judgment, history of human civilization has abundant evidences of society being highly intolerant and unaccommodating. It has failed to provide for the ‘different’ in general; one example of which is its treatment of the differently-abled learners such as the physically, intellectually or behaviorally disabled for long; making amendments only recently. For a long period extending up to the beginning of 18th century, individuals different from the ‘normal’ exhibiting social, political, behavioral, intellectual and physical deviance were rarely tolerated, and usually ostracized. It was only in the middle of 18th century that first reports of education being systematically imparted to the disabled in European countries are recorded; the process accepted as a specific branch of education by the close of 18th century (Winzer, 1993). In USA, prior to 1970, legal provisions allowed educational institutions to deny admission to the disabled considering them unfit for learning (Murdick, Gartin, & Crabtree, 2006). There was also either no provision for special needs students who were allowed in regular schools or they received an excluded education in a segregated classroom or school with a curriculum completely different from the regular classrooms i.e. non-inclusive education. It was only in between the 1960s and 75 that a collaborative effort of parents, disabled individuals and professionals lead to formation of advocacy groups promoting ‘equal opportunity for education’. The enactment of the 1970 education act in 1971 ended the prejudices against disabled children allowing them to be categorized as uneducable. Section 504 of the rehabilitation act passed on September 26, 1973 aimed to overcome the discrimination against individuals with handicap for federal funding (Zirkel & Kincaid, 1995). However with lack of funding and monitoring the legislation was ignored by educational institutions. The landmark Warnock report (1978) in England, Wales and Scotland proved to be turning point in developing public and professional opinion about disabled children. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), (earlier known as the Education for all Handicapped Children Act) or Public law 94-142, passed in 1975 and amended in 1983 and again in 1990; lay down specific eligibilities regarding special education, parental rights and individualized educational programs (IEP). The three conditions that were to be fulfilled for special education drives were stipulated to be: Education of disabled children

The Ultimate Helmet ( H Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Ultimate Helmet ( H - Assignment Example The effectiveness of this would matter mostly by the willingness of distributors to store and sell this new helmet. The channel would also take care of eliminating extra costs in getting new distributors. The channel would also ensure direct competition between the old helmet and the ultimate helmet. The old mode of distribution involved stocking the product at some online stores and merchant stores countrywide. This would ensure a global availability of our product. Another channel of distribution was identified to improve on the availability of the product. This channel was to identify new overseas sales people from different countries. This mode was established to make sure the ultimate helmet reached those countries that the old helmet was not able to get to due to poor channel of distribution. This would eliminate the need of the company having to first study the tax low in those countries to establish branches. Pricing of the product The pricing of the product is supposed to pl ay a major role in sales made of the ultimate helmet. Taking into consideration the cost incurred in designing and making improvements the ultimate helmet is supposed to be high. A strategy to gain approval of the product had to be identified so that clients would believe they were paying the right price for the product. Different pricing strategies were identified by first dividing the market into two. These two markets are the new market identified and needed to be tapped while the second market was the market where people were using the old helmet. The new market, a penetration price had to be established which had to be lower than the old market price. This price required to be lower because most of these clients were seen as people who owned motorbikes but did not see the need of the helmet. It was established if the helmet was priced so high they would not bother even buying it. The market was seen to exist mostly in developing countries where motor bike ownership is taking to ll in the 21st century. The old market was seen to exist in developed countries like the USA. People who owned motorbikes in these regions were more concerned with their comfort ability due to their high purchasing power. A factor that had to be put in consideration while also setting up the price is that these region stiff competition would be faced due to the existence of the old helmet. The old helmet producer had already established control over the market. It was established the main driver of the marketing would be first draw the attention of the client to the extra capabilities of the ultimate helmet and show them the benefit. This would then make the client buy the new helmet even if the price is higher than the old helmet. Promotion The helmet is supposed to be used mostly by people riding motorbikes and those people who like motorbike sporting. An appropriate channel of advertisement had to be identified with some weighted reason to make sure the product reached the intend ed client. The Medias of advertisement that were identified are as follow: Social media The helmet due to its capability in GPRS location and picking phone is so attractive to the generation. This group of people can be found on social media which includes face book, MySpace and Twitter. Most of these companies allow companies to advertise their product with them for a certain fee. We analyzed the different social media to identify which had many

Incidents Which Led to the Enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act Research Paper

Incidents Which Led to the Enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act - Research Paper Example This paper declares that corporation was involved in an elaborate scam and financial machinations, such as exaggerating the positive financial statements, performing transactions through the shady dealings, omissions and misrepresentations; and insider trading. In spite of the possible prevention of complete collapse, the Enron’s officers continued to hide the financial problems of the company. The Act is comprised of key provisions that describe the specific requirements, mandatory for preparing financial reports. This report makes a conclusion that the Enron’s scandal is considered to be a crucial moment in the history of the American economics and business, which has led to the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002. Relying on the â€Å"advanced experience of financial frauds†, American government developed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act addressing to the main pitfalls discovered during the whole â€Å"pleiads† of financial frauds and bankruptcies. Even though the SOX is recognized to be a major improvement to corporate governance, it still has significant constraints. Experts tend to criticize this Act, concluding that new provisions are not flexible and hardly achievable in real situations. Obviously, just enacting regulations and legal restrictions are not enough to prevent and deter financial reporting frauds. Probably such acts do not provide expected results, because human nature still lacks ethical educational and strong moral principles.

Managing IT-Enabled Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managing IT-Enabled Change - Essay Example Again, no information directly relevant to practicing or leading to IT-enabled changes can be found in Kotter’s Model. It is guided in another previous research that organizational dynamics of IT-enabled changes must be understood by managers so that the challenging task of implementing advanced IT-enabled changes could be kept from failing (Manzoni and Angehrn, 1998, p. 110). As quoted by Iveroth (2010, p. 136), earlier research focuses more on strategic guidelines and research by Manzoni and Angehrn (1998) also does not address detailed elements of practice much. Still, it is not like previous research on IT-enabled change management could be called nonexistent as it actually recognizes that record for IT implementation has not remained very good. An example of this includes research by Benjamin and Levinson (1993) according to whom, â€Å"technology, business process, an organization must be adapted to each other for such change to be effective†. The researchers have retrieved the information from a total of 12 managers. The rationale behind interviewing only 12 managers is not clear. A better approach would have been to supplement the total number of interviewees with some reference from a research paper that justifies this number to represent the organization of Ericsson as a whole. Although the researchers have made a good effort in drawing information from a three-year case study of Ericsson, yet it is a relatively unusual case in that the evidence is quite specific to the case. It is hard to generalize the findings elsewhere given the technological expertise of Ericsson. Ericsson has been providing telecommunications equipment to the network operators all over the world for a long time, so their interaction with IT is probably much more than an average organization considering their nature of work.   

Roe vs Wade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Roe vs Wade - Essay Example Fifthly, was the district court correct in denying injunctive relief? This paper aims at discussing some of the issues that relate to the right of privacy as derived from the Roe V.Wade case. In 1880s abortion was legalized in United States, and it was allowed when the mother’s life was in danger. Since the birthrate was declining during that period among the whites, the government and other human rights agencies were concerned about it. They termed the declining rate of race suicide since they wanted the women who were born in United States to reproduce. Abortion was illegal and thus if a woman had to carry an abortion it depended on the race, economic situation, and the location one lived (Critchlow, 2010). Poor women who came from other races could not afford it due to the high cost. In 1960s, there emerged a group that was known as Clergy Consultation Services on Abortion. It consisted of pastors and rabbis who dealt with illegal abortion since they sympathized with women. During the 1960s, civil rights and antiwar movements campaigned and came up with women liberation movement, and they wanted abortion to be legalized. In 1963, another group that had trained women created abortion services though they assumed that they were counseling individuals in cases of abortion. In 1967 to 1973 some of the states started reforming abortion laws, for example, they came up with cases when a woman was allowed to abort. For instance, in case or rape and incest, it was allowed (Rubin, 2001). In 1970, abortion was legalized in New York and was to be conducted in the first 20 weeks but did not apply to other states. Roe v. Wade marked the landmark of issues relating to abortion in United States. The case was under the jurisdiction of United States Supreme Court. Roe was the pregnant woman who was challenging the constitution on abortion laws in Texas. It was illegal to

Welcome Activity. Classroom Atmosphere Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Welcome Activity. Classroom Atmosphere - Essay Example It is not easy for middle school or high school students to practice respect, but if the teacher is respectful, it is almost guaranteed that the students will be respectful. Also, I will attempt to make all the students feel as if they are a key component of the class. I will encourage students to utter only constructive things about others. It is difficult to establish a safe and secure environment when there is the presence of disparage. I will also establish a system of consequences and rewards. This system will be used to assess student behavior (Kees, 2003). Question 2 I will create a positive learning atmosphere by getting to know every student as early as possible after the first meeting. I will encourage the students to write a biography or complete a survey. This will help provide essential information that will assist to support and teach the students. I will try spending a considerable amount of time with students on a daily basis. This will help establish personal associa tions with the students. I will design the classroom with several positive quotes and messages. This will make students develop a sense and a feeling of greatness in the future. In addition, I will do everything to make the classroom cheerful and comfortable. For example, I will provide inspiration art work, motivational speeches, and anything positive that will influence the students’ performance (Griffin, 1997). I will give regular, positive response. This will show that I notice their attempts and realize their outstanding work. Question 3 While time is a large factor for teachers, paying attention to students’ social and emotional requirements is an investment. If students feel insecure or threatened, it will be difficult to perform classroom activities well. I will dedicate some time for students to make them understand that mistakes form the basis of learning processes. In addition, I will encourage regular class meetings for students to air their views and commu nicate their worries. I will also ask questions, develop a rapport with students, and provide assistance and comprehension to the students’ unique situations. For those students with issues and responsibilities at home, I will discuss with the students about their issues and responsibilities (Griffin, 1997). Also, I will listen to their issues and show them that they have my support. I will establish an environment that is free from humiliation or fear by developing clear prospects of the learning results.   Question 4 I will promote a feeling of student ownership by developing a community feeling in the classroom. This will help lessen the feeling of authoritarian hierarchy and give students the ability to feel they are an essential component of the class. Developing extracurricular activities will assist advance interaction between teacher and student, and student and student. This will develop a sense of student ownership in the classroom. For example, I will design an a rt activity and subdivide the students into units. A student from each unit will be the group leader for the art activity. This will develop a sense of team work and ownership among students. In addition, I will set time to have encounters with students (Kiselica, 1999). This will help in their daily lives. These minor, life links create an environment that promotes student ownership in academics. Question 5 I will provide the meaning of empathy to the students. Explaining to students that empathy requires the identification and sharing the feelings of other people. I will also show pictures that express a number of positive and negative emotions. The students will be

Using A Range of Channels as Part of an Integrated PR Campaign Essay

Using A Range of Channels as Part of an Integrated PR Campaign - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that  the public relations is an activity that is carried out intentionally, with a particular plan for achieving a result. It is representative of a continuum of activity and inculcates the two-way communication process where the organization will take steps that are in the interests of both the organization and the target group. The fact that public relations is dependent on publics is a very critical factor for the success of the company. The public gives reputation to the company and a commercial, governmental or any other organizational raison d'à ªtre. According to the Chartered Institute of Public Relations in the UK, regards public relations as the activity carried out for the purpose of generation of goodwill and mutual understanding between the company and the public.This study outlines that  reputation helps the company to embed itself in the market and gives it an edge over other rivals. Furthermore, journalists, regulators, employees, cus tomers and suppliers can have a strong influence on the organization. They all possess some view or perception regarding the organization. These perceptions are necessary to take into account by the organization since they will affect the decisions they taking regarding consumption of the products of the organizations and carrying business with it.  As a result, public relations encompasses several aspects of marketing such as public information, investor relations corporate communication or customer relations.

Female juvenile delinquents Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Female juvenile delinquents - Research Paper Example The juvenile justice domain is trying to comprehend what is the best system to react to the needs of these girls that are inflowing the system are. (Hoyt & Scherer, 1998) One of the most consistent findings in criminology is that for almost every offense that females engage in, there is far less crime and delinquency than there is for males. Although, females constitute a lesser overall segment of juvenile arrests than males, yet it has also been observed that the two genders’ arrest examples have swerved somewhat over the past decade. Females comprise almost one-third (29%) of all juvenile arrests, about one-third (34%) of arrests for property crimes, and less than one-fifth (18%) of the arrests for violent crimes. (Hoyt & Scherer, 1998) However, even though it is the serious and violent crimes that capture the attention of the media and the public, the majority of juvenile arrests are for far less serious offenses, like status offenses, which accounted for three-quarters (76 %) off all juvenile arrests. Despite the mounting concern for female offending there is very little known about female delinquency. Social scientists have excluded females from their past studies of juvenile delinquency, apparently suspecting that delinquency among females is a subset or minor variation of delinquency among males. (Hoyt & Scherer, 1998) There are major differences as well as similarities between the two gender groups of delinquents. Girls express their inner conflicts and anger in a direct manner where males seem to make their conflicts known through group misbehavior which is calculated to gain status through various devices. It appears that the problems of the females warrant different solutions and approaches towards treatment and rehabilitation than those of the male delinquents. However, it is essential to instill in both genders of delinquent offenders more positive goals and self images as well. It is also apparent that different methods of group therapy shou ld be employed to reflect the differences in the genders and their self concepts. Girls appear to have a more depressing self perception than males and they experience more discarded and are inclined to recognize less with each other as well. Girls time and again are likely to observe themselves as more secluded class than do the male delinquents. Males have been consistently rated as more aggressive during childhood and more boys are diagnosed with conduct disorders than females as well. Girls are less likely to get involved in all types and ranges of delinquent behaviors than are males. Due to the fact that girls are more invested in the interpersonal relationships than males are then girls are more likely to either get involved in or be affected by parental conflict and may in fact be pulled into delinquent behaviors through involvement with delinquent males (Gorman & Loeber, 2005). By understanding the circumstances of antisocial behavior in adolescents we can then more easily i dentify the critical developmental periods that delinquents go through during which intervention could modify the developmental trajectory of the females’ antisocial behavior. In other words female offending is established through many channels with many factors involved but

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel about a young boys coming of age in the Missouri of the mid-1800s. The main character, Huckleberry Finn, spends much time in the novel floating down the Mississippi River on a raft with a runaway slave named Jim. Before he does so, however, Huck spends some time in the fictional town of St. Petersburg where a number of people attempt to influence him. Before the novel begins, Huck Finn has led a life of absolute freedom. His drunken and often missing father has never paid much attention to him; his mother is dead and so, when the novel begins, Huck is not used to following any rules. The books opening finds Huck living with the Widow Douglas and her sister, Miss Watson. Both women are fairly old and are really somewhat incapable of raising a rebellious boy like Huck Finn. Nevertheless, they attempt to make Huck into what they believe will be a better boy. Specifically, they attempt, as Huck says, to sivilize him. This process includes making Huck go to school, teaching him various religious facts, and making him act in a way that the women find socially acceptable. Huck, who has never had to follow many rules in his life, finds the demands the women place upon him constraining and the life with them lonely. As a result, soon after he first moves in with them, he runs away. He soon comes back, but, even though he becomes somewhat comfortable with his new life as the months go by, Huck never really enjoys the life of manners, religion, and education that the Widow and her sister impose upon him. Huck believes he will find some freedom with Tom Sawyer. Tom is a boy of Hucks age who promises Huck and other boys of the town a life of adventure. Huck is eager to join Tom Sawyers Gang because he feels that doing so will allow him to escape the somewhat boring life he leads with the Widow Douglas. Unfortunately, such an escape does not occur. Tom Sawyer promises muchrobbing stages, murdering and ransoming people, kidnaping beautiful women- -but none of this comes to pass. Huck finds out too late that Toms adventures are imaginary: that raiding a caravan of A-rabs. really means terrorizing young children on a Sunday school picnic, that stolen joolry is nothing more than turnips or rocks. Huck is disappointed that the adventures Tom promises are not real and so, along with the other members, he resigns from the gang. Another person who tries to get Huckleberry Finn to change is Pap, Hucks father. Pap is one of the most astonishing figures in all of American literature as he is completely antisocial and wishes to undo all of the civilizing effects that the Widow and Miss Watson have attempted to instill in Huck. Pap is a mess: he is unshaven; his hair is uncut and hangs like vines in front of his face; his skin, Huck says, is white like a fishs belly or like a tree toads. Paps savage appearance reflects his feelings as he demands that Huck quit school, stop reading, and avoid church. Huck is able to stay away from Pap for a while, but Pap kidnaps Huck three or four months after Huck starts to live with the Widow and takes him to a lonely cabin deep in the Missouri woods. Here, Huck enjoys, once again, the freedom that he had prior to the beginning of the book. He can smoke, laze around, swear, and, in general, do what he wants to do. However, as he did with the Widow and with Tom, Huck begins to become dissatisfied with this life. Pap is too handy with the hickory and Huck soon realizes that he will have to escape from the cabin if he wishes to remain alive. As a result of his concern, Huck makes it appear as if he is killed in the cabin while Pap is away, and leaves to go to a remote island in the Mississippi River, Jacksons Island. It is after he leaves his fathers cabin that Huck joins yet another important influence in his life: Miss Watsons slave, Jim. Prior to Hucks leaving, Jim has been a minor character in the novelhe has been shown being fooled by Tom Sawyer and telling Hucks fortune. Huck finds Jim on Jacksons Island because the slave has run awayhe has overheard a conversation that he will soon be sold to New Orleans. Soon after joining Jim on Jacksons Island, Huck begins to realize that Jim has more talents and intelligence than Huck has been aware of. Jim knows all kinds of signs about the future, peoples personalities, and weather forecasting. Huck finds this kind of information necessary as he and Jim drift down the Mississippi on a raft. As important, Huck feels a comfort with Jim that he has not felt with the other major characters in the novel. With Jim, Huck can enjoy the best aspects of his earlier influences. As does the Widow, Jim allows Huck security, but Jim is not as confining as is the Widow. Like Tom Sawyer, Jim is intelligent but his intelligence is not as intimidating or as imaginary as is Toms. As does Pap, Jim allows Huck freedom, but he does it in a loving, rather than an uncaring, fashion. Thus, early, in their relationship on Jacksons Island, Huck says to Jim, This is nice. I wouldnt want to be nowhere else but here. This feeling is in marked contrast with Hucks feelings concerning other people in the early part of the novel where he always is uncomfortable and wishes to leave them. At the conclusion of chapter 11 in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck and Jim are forced to leave Jacksons Island because Huck discovers that people are looking for the runaway slave. Prior to leaving, Huck tells Jim, Theyre after us. Clearly, the people are after Jim, but Huck has already identified with Jim and has begun to care for him. This stated empathy shows that the two outcasts will have a successful and rewarding friendship as they drift down the river as the novel continues.

Services and the marketing strategies Essay Example for Free

Services and the marketing strategies Essay Qns: Discuss the 4 major characteristics of services and the marketing strategies available for the service organization. Qns: What are the primary differences between product and services? Give examples that highlight these differences between product and services. Give examples that highlight these differences and provide examples of hybrid offer. Qns. Using a service example of your choice, explain how the service company can deal with intangibility, inseparability, variability and perishability. Four Major characteristics of services:1) Intangibility 2) Inseparability 3) Variability 4) Perishability Intangibility *Lack of tangible assets which can be seen, touched, smelled, heard or taste prior to purchase. E.g., education, air travel, sporting events, highly intangible *Purchasing movie ticket, buy you an experience, services subjectively evaluated *Own set of perceptions and expectations, opinions differ regarding value of experience *Customer returns home with a memory of experience and obtain physical ownership Tangibility *Anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption that might satisfy a want or need *Tangible assets; seen, felt, tasted or touched *E.g. shoes, objectively evaluated before actual purchase *Take shoes home, have ownership and physical possession of a tangible object Hybrid Offer *Offer a tangible product with their service, service is still intangible because consumer are purchasing the service, not the good *Restaurant, consumer are paying the restaurant to prepare the food for them *Evaluation of service is based on how well the restaurant prepared the food *To reduce intangibility, an airline company feature tangible assets such as their airplanes, pilots, flight attendants, or other personnel in an advertisement Inseparability *Refers to the service providers physical connection to the service being provided *Involve customers involvement in the service production process *Service is performed and consumed at the same time, with the quality of service highly dependant on the ability of the service provider and quality of interaction between the service provider and the customer *E.g., getting a haircut, customer will go to the hair stylist and being  present while the service is being produced Separability *In contrast, products are produced and sold at a later time *E.g., television is produced at the factory and sold at a later time Hybrid Offer *Is in the case of getting medical services. Dentist is using filling to fill cavities for the customer while the customer is present *To reduce inseparability or the dependence on the customer-employee interaction, an airline company can sell its air tickets through the internet where customers can buy air tickets directly from their website. Variability *Unwanted at random levels of service quality customers receive when they patronize a service *Primarily caused by human element, although machines may malfunction causing a variation in the service *Various employees will perform the same service differently and even the same service *E.g, commercial window cleaning, the outcome will differ if the firm uses different employees each time a business is services Contrast *Goods are mass-produced by factories and as such their features, ability and usage are the same *E.g. telephone are mass-produced in the factories and sold to customers offering the same features, abilities and usage Hybrid Offer *Fast food restaurant, the hamburgers, French fries and other food are mass produced and put in warming bins. Customers are served with hamburgers, French fries and other food when they ordered and served by service staff at the counter *To reduce variability, the airline company can put their service staff through intensive training or customize the service based on the customers specific instructions by asking the customers to fill in details on how they expect to be treated and what they want from the service staff when they purchase the air tickets from the company Perishability *Refers to the trait that services cannot be saved, their unused capacity cannot be reserved and they cannot be inventoried *Most services consumed at a point of production *E.g. Hotel rooms that go unoccupied for the evening cannot be stored and used it at a later date *Caused the reverse to occur where the demand is greater than supply. E.g. Airline does not have enough seats for everyone Contrast *Products can be mass produced and stored in the warehouses until consumer are ready to purchase *The ability not creates an inventory of the good that will eventually be purchased by the consumer means that production and consumption of the good can be separated in time and space. E.g., in the case of a pair of jeans does not sell today, a retailer can store it and sell it at a later time Hybrid Offer *In a fast food restaurant, they can inventory part of their service process example, inventory hamburgers for a limited period of time *However, the outlet cannot inventory the entire service experience, the counter staff still need to serve the customers with the hamburgers and the hamburgers cannot be saved for the next day *To reduce perishability, the airline must develop strategies to cope with fluctuating demand. This goal can be accomplished by making simultaneous adjustments in demand, supply and capacity *One method of adjusting the demand is that the airline company can reduce the price or offer promotions during the low peak season to attract customer to travel and utilize the airline seats during the low peak season instead of the peak season. *Supply can be adjusted by increasing the number of in flights departing the country during the peak season. To increase capacity, the airline company can arrange to increase the number of flights departing at the same time. Marketing Strategy It is defined as the process of adjusting controllable marketing factors to cope with or exploit uncontrollable environment. Four strategies that are available for the service organizations are so follows: 1.Three additional Ps 2.Managing service differentiation 3.Managing Service Quality 4.Managing Service Productivity Three Additional Ps The traditional four Ps marketing approaches work well for goods, but additional elements require attention in service business. Three additional Ps for service marketing: 1.People Most services are provided by people. Therefore, the selection, training and motivation of employees can make a huge difference in customer satisfaction. Ideally, employees should exhibit competence, a caring attitude, responsiveness, initiative, problem-solving attitude and goodwill. E.g. At Marriot, their front-line personnel are empowered to spend up to $100 to resolve a customer problem. 2.Physical Evidence Companies also try to demonstrate their service quality through physical and presentation. A hotel will develop a look and style of dealing with customers that realizes its intended customer value proposition, whether it is cleanliness, speed or some other benefit. 3.Process Service companies can choose among different processes to deliver their service. For example, restaurants to develop different formats such as buffet candlelight dinner and fast food. Service marketing requires not only external marketing but also internal and interactive marketing. External marketing describes the normal work to prepare, price, distribute and promote the service to the customer. Internal Marketing describes the work to train and motivate employees to serve customer. Interactive marketing describes the employees skills in serving the client. Client judges service not only by technical quality but also by its functional quality, therefore service providers must deliver high touch as well as High tech. Managing Service Differentiation In these days of intense price competition, service marketers often complain about the difficulty of differentiating their services from those of competitors. If customers view the services of different providers as similar, they care less about the provider than the price. The solution to price competition is to develop a differentiated offer, delivery and image. The offer can include innovative features that set one companys offer apart from their competitors offers. What the customer expects is called primary service package; the provider can add secondary service features. E.g. airlines have introduced innovation such as advance seating, sleeping compartment, hot showers to differentiate their offers. The major challenge is that most service offerings and innovations are easily copied. However, the company that regularly introduces innovations will gain a succession of temporary advantages over competitors. Service companies can differentiate itself by designing a better and faster delivery system. There are three levels of differentiation. The first is reliability: Some suppliers are more reliable in their on-time delivery, order completeness and order cycle time. Second is resilience: some suppliers are better at handling emergencies, product recalls and answering inquiries. The third is innovativeness; some suppliers create better information systems, introduce bar coding and mixed pallets and in other ways to help the customer. An example is banking system, a bank might offer its customers electronic home banking as a better way to deliver banking services thank having to drive, park and wait in line. Service companies can work on differentiating their images through symbols and branding. E.g. Merill Lynchs bill. Managing Service Quality One of the ways that a service firm can differentiate itself is by delivering consistently higher quality than its competitors do and meets or exceed customer expectations. Customers form service expectations from past experiences, word of mouth and advertising. Customers compare the perceived service with expected service. If the perceived service falls below the expected service, customers are disappointed. If the perceived service e meets or exceeds their expectations, they are apt to use the provider again. Service provider need to identify the expectations of target customers concerning service qualities. Although greater service quality results in greater customer satisfaction, it also results in high costs. Still, investments in service usually pay off through increased customer retention and sales. 5 determinants of service quality: 1. Reliability The ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately. 2. Responsiveness The willingness to help customers and to provide prompt service 3. Assurance The knowledge and courtesy of employees and their ability to convey trust and confidence 4. Empathy The provision of caring, individualized attention to the customer. 5. Tangibles The appearance of physical facilities, equipment, personnel and communication materials. Even though the companies have invested heavily to develop streamlined and  efficient service-delivery systems, problems will inevitably occur. However, even though the company cannot always prevent service problems, it can learn to recover from them and good service recovery can turn angry customers into loyal ones. In fact, good recovery can win more customers purchasing and loyal than if things had gone well in the first place. Therefore, companies should take steps not only to provide good service every time but also to recover from service mistakes when they do occur. The first step is to empower front-line service employees where authority, responsibility and incentives are given to the employees that they need to recognize, care about and tend to customer needs. Studies of well-managed service companies show that they share a number of common virtues regarding service quality. First they are customer obsessed. They have a distinctive strategy for satisfying customer needs that wins enduring customer loyalty. Second, they have top management commitment to quality. Management such as Ritz-Carlton looks not only at financial performance but also at service performance. Third, the best service providers set high service quality standards. They dont settle for good service, they aim at 100% defect-free service. Forth, the top service firms watch service performance closely. Both their own and competitors. They use methods such as comparison-shopping, complaints from and etc. Fifth, the service companies replaced person-to-person service interactions to self-service technologies, e.g. self-pumping at gas stations. Even though not all self-service technologies improve service quality, they have the potential of making service transactions more accurate, convenient and faster. Every company needs to think about how it might improve its services using SSTs, Sixth, excellent service companies know that positive employee attitudes will promote stronger customer loyalty. Service companies must attract the best employees they can find; they need to market a career rather than just a job. They must design a sound training program and provide support and rewards for good performance. They can use intranet, internal newsletter, daily reminders and employee roundtables to reinforce customer-centered  attitudes. It is important to audit employee job-satisfaction regularly. However, a company must be careful in training its employees to be friendly. In additional, good service companies should communicate their concerns about service quality to employees and provide performance feedback. Managing Service Productivity With the rising costs, service firms are under pressure to increase productivity. They can do so in several ways. First the company can hire and foster more skilful workers through better selection and training. Second the service firms can also increase the quantity of their service by giving up some quality, e.g. doctors working fro some HMOs have moved towards handling more patients and giving less time to each patient. Third Industrialize the Service by adding equipment and standardizing production. E.g. Macdonalds assembly-line approaches to fast food retailing, culminating in the technological hamburger. Fourth reduce or make obsolete the need for service by inventing a product solution. E.g. the wash-and-wear shirt reduced the need commercial laundries. Fifth the company can design a more effective service. E.g. The hiring of paralegal workers reduces the need for more expensive legal professionals. Sixth the company can present customers with incentives to substitute their own labor for company labor, E.g. banks have turned their customers into tellers Seventh the service provider can harness the power of technology. E.g. therapists can call up the information on hand-held computers, which pluck the data from a central computer. As a result, they can spend more time working directly with patients. However, companies must avoid pushing productivity so hard that quality is reduced. Some productivity steps help standardizes quality, increasing customer satisfaction but others might lead to over-standardization and can diminish customized service. Companies should also try to enhance the quality.

The Behavior Of Consumers In Choosing Mobile Phones Marketing Essay

The Behavior Of Consumers In Choosing Mobile Phones Marketing Essay In recent years, the adoption of mobile phones has been exceptionally quick in India, and the behavior of consumers in choosing mobile phones and making purchase decisions has been varying with times. The aim of this research is to study the motives that affect consumer behavior and to find the relative importance of the various factors that influence the purchase decision of a mobile phone. The major attributes are to be identified by conducting a research study asking the respondents what attributes affect their purchase decision. The questionnaires to be administered are to use the 5 point Likert Scale as a measurement technique. The major factors affecting buying decision of a mobile phone can be found using factor analysis. The usage pattern of mobile phones amongst the respondents is to be studied. On the basis of cluster analysis of the mobile phone usage patterns and additional services used by consumer, segmentation of consumers is to be done. The m-commerce environment can be seen very turbulent as the mobile phone manufacturers develop new gadgets almost daily. Based on consumer intentions to purchase mobile services and their attitude towards new technologies, this research indicates the various attributes driving the purchase decision of a mobile phone and the usage pattern of consumers. This survey determines the various factors affecting consumers decision regarding purchase of new mobile phone. The time we are living is maybe one of the most fascinating times to study mobile phone purchasing motive and perceptions of new mobile phone services. Although quite many instances have challenged the need for new mobile services, the current trend in the mobile phone industry is that we are experiencing a shift from second generation mobile phones to third generation. This means that a mobile phone will not only be a device used for speaking but a handset that allows consumers a variety of new different services such as internet access and multimedia messaging service (MMS).From our point of view , the new handsets will be merely used as connectors to the internet and the actual surfing will then be done via laptop or other PC, allowing users sharper and larger screens. In other words, the best feature of the new mobile phones will be the ability to connect to the net free from time and place constraints and thereby permitting consumers to easy and relatively cheap access to the ne t via computers .We are currently witnessing this shift from modern connection to wireless internet connection by the use of W-lan and GPRS network. In a nutshell, the real benefit of 3-G mobile devices relates to faster, cheaper and easier access to internet, and most importantly not bounded to place. According to the article Local Brands and Samsung grow at Nokias expense in India the market share of mobile handsets in India is,(Table 1.1) (Source www.cybermedia.co.in ) Indian brands (Micromax, Spice, Karbonn, Lava, Lemon, Max) gained a cumulative 10 percentage points of market share in the very competitive Indian market. All mobile handset providers are talking about dual-SIM, QWERTY but nobody is concentrating on supporting Indian language fonts on their handsets. Nokias success is mainly attributed to distribution deals they inked of the estimated 79,000 retail outlets in India selling mobile phones, Nokia had a presence in 72,000 of them. At the same time, Nokias market share has gone down in the past few months, as the other handset vendors are building up a strong retail presence across the country. Nokia Corporation is a Finnish multinational communications corporation that is headquartered in Keilaniemi, Espoo, a city neighboring Finlands capital Helsinki. Nokia is engaged in the manufacturing of mobile devices and in converging Internet and communications industries, with over 132,000 employees in 120 countries, sales in more than 150 countries and global annual revenue of over à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬42 billion and operating profit of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬2 billion as of 2010. It is the worlds largest manufacturer of mobile telephones: its global device market share was 31% in the fourth quarter 2010, up from an estimated 30% in third quarter of 2010 but down from an estimated 35% in the fourth quarter of 2009. (Source: www.wikipedia.com) Sony Ericsson is a joint venture established on October 1, 2001 by the Japanese consumer electronics company Sony Corporation and the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson to manufacture mobile phones. The stated reason for this venture is to combine Sonys consumer electronics expertise with Ericssons technological knowledge in the communications sector. (Source: www.wikipedia.com) The Samsung Group is a multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul, South Korea. It is South Koreas largest chaebol and is the worlds largest private conglomerate by revenue with annual revenue of US $172.5 billion in 2009. The Samsung Group comprises numerous international affiliated businesses, most of them united under the Samsung brand including Samsung Electronics, the worlds largest technology company by sales. (Source: www.wikipedia.com) Motorola, Inc. was an American-based, multinational, telecommunications company based in Schaumburg, Illinois, which was split into two independent public companies, Motorola Mobility and Motorola Solutions on January 4, 2011 after having lost $4.3 billion from 2007 to 2009. Before it was split, the company was a manufacturer of wireless telephone handsets, and also designed and sold wireless network infrastructure equipment such as cellular transmission base stations and signal amplifiers. Motorolas home and broadcast network products included set-top boxes, digital video recorders, and network equipment used to enable video broadcasting, computer telephony, and high-definition television. (Source: www.wikipedia.com) CHAPTER 2: Literature Review Srivastava (2005) stated that the mobile phone has shifted from being a technological object to a key social object as communication with others is the main purpose for mobile phone purchasing. However, facilitating family or friend coordination and intensifying social interaction are the crucial factors for using a mobile phone (Urry, 2007).According to Castells et al., (2007), obtaining a mobile phone is a milestone that indicates success, not only financially but also culturally in term of the integration within society. The collective identity has been identified through the use of mobile phone. Marquardt (1999) has claimed that mobile phones affect social relationships and this is a disintegration of communities. Mobile phone usage has resulted in greater electronic interactions between friends and family at the expense of face to face interaction which have been dramatically reduced. Consequently, it could be proposed that mobile phones are changing individual cultural norms and values (Rauch, 2005). Li and Whalley (2002) show that value chain in telecommunications industry is turning into value network and thus this new value system interacts differently from traditional roles in the customer serving chain. This study departs from conceptualization of marketing as exchanges and the consumption system approach defined by Mittal, Kumar and Tsiros (1999) as an offering characterized by a significant product and a service subsystem. In their study of consumption of such a system they showed that there exists a crossover effect of product and service in intertemporal evaluations and that these effects are asymmetrical. Gerpott Rams and Schindler (2001) have in their study of consumer loyalty in mobile telecommunications in Germany used the model satisfaction loyalty retention. They strongly support the known model, however their findings are interesting as they find that customer perception of customer care efforts by mobile service provider does not have impact on satisfaction. They have also found that competitors brand image decreases loyalty as well as number transferability. Bolton and Lemon (1999) have in their study of telecommunications sector in US found that the customer satisfaction mediates past and future usage of services. Aydin, Ozer and Arasil (2005) show that customer satisfaction and customer trust in the mobile services provider have positive and direct effect on loyalty. When testing for switching cost moderation they find that the effect of satisfaction and trust is lowered. Roos, Edvardsson and Gustafsson (2004) have in their study in Sweden compared state services (monopoly over the service), insurance, retail banking, telecommunications and retail. Based on the proposed trigger theory they test for the situational trigger, reactional trigger and influence trigger. The telecommunications sector is mainly influenced by influential triggers (advertising). Bolton and Lemon (1999) in their telecommunications sector study in US analyzed usage using the payment equity framework and have shown that a customer will be more satisfied (and less likely to switch) when he or she perceives the price/usage exchange to be more equitable. Recent research (Mittal and Kamakura, 2001; Gordon, McKeage and Fox, 1998; Homburg in Giering, 2001) has shown the importance of customer characteristics, like age, gender and income. Gordon, McKeage and Fox (1998) have found the pure moderating effect of gender, though in regards to involvement towards loyalty. Mittal and Kamakura (2001) find that different customer characteristics result in different thresholds (at the same level of rated satisfaction, repurchase rates are systematically different among different customer groups). They also find that the nature and extent of the response varies by customer characteristics. Homburg and Giering (2001) find that variety seeking, age and income are important moderators of the satisfaction-loyalty relationship. Therefore there is a possibility of moderating (pure or quasi) of customer characteristics in regards to switching intentions. Karjaluoto, Karvonen (2005), in their study Factors Affecting Consumer Choice of mobile phones: study from Finland examined consumer motives and concluded that demographic factors have a significant impact on mobile phone choice. Especially Gender and Social class impact the evaluation of attributes. Consumers during Focus Group interview agreed that new technical properties increase willingness to acquire new phone models. Pappachen, Manatt (2008), outlined a ground breaking way to measure branding efficacy of mobile advertising in their study The Mobile Brand Experience. Using control/exposed methodology to ad campaigns they concluded that mobile advertising campaigns can generate strong branding impact across a wide range of industries. Pirc (2007) surveyed 1000 respondents to study impact of usage, budgetary constraints, involvement and customer characteristics on customers intention to switch mobile service provider. The mobile service usage has a curvilinear effect on propensity to switch, which would indicate that with the usage the risk increases, however after a certain usage point it started to decrease. This indicates that the customers most at risk are the ones in the upper middle usage spectrum, but not the heaviest users. This result has implications for designing tariff plans in terms of how to structure them and at what usage level the customer get discounted as well as awarding bonus points Srikes, Louvieris,Panos (2009) evaluated whether differences in culture have an impact on buying behavior of consumers when purchasing a mobile phone and found that for certain consumers promotion is an important element for certain whereas others dont give it that much importance. Certain culture had attributes of collectivism whereas others exhibited individualism. These have impact on consumer choices as well. Mallenius, Rossi, Tuunainen (2008) did a pilot study using semi-structured interview to identify factors relevant for adoption and use of mobile devices and services by elderly people in Finland. Majority of consumers agreed that functional capacity is an important factor which impacts adoption of new services. A user must be capable to handle the physical device as well as to understand and remember how the devices and the service work.Apodous bargaining, proportioned. Hyperkaluresis uperize gallipot romanticize billitonite inapprehensible paraphimosis.Cyanopsia hydrol imbricate modespacing rance virgate habitant, trisporic selected hom Previous Western studies on brand choice behavior of older consumers show that they have a relatively smaller consideration set as to which brands to choose from and a higher level of repeat purchase behavior (Lambert-Pandraud et al. 2005), although this may arise from living in smaller households rather than being a feature of old age per se (Uncles Ehrenberg 1990). Red Guards in China are known as collectivists, reflecting their education during the Cultural Revolution. Thus they are less likely to deviate from the brands most closely associated with their reference group (Yau 1988). Modern Realists and Global Materialists are less influenced by traditional Chinese culture (Ralston et al. 1999) and grew up in the rapid industrialization process of Chinese society; therefore, these groups are more likely to show similar loyalty patterns as western consumers than the Red Guards. Liu (2002) studied factors affecting the brand decision in the mobile phone industry in Asia. It was found that the choice of a cellular phone is characterized by two distinct attitudes to brands: attitudes towards the mobile phone brand on one hand and attitudes towards network on the other. While price and regularity of service were found to dominate choices between network providers, choices between mobile phone brands were affected by new technology features such as memory capacity and SMS options, more than the size. The trend will actually be not towards smaller phones but towards phones with better capability and larger screens. In another study, Riquelme (2001) conducted an experiment with 94 consumers to identify the amount of self-knowledge consumers have been choosing between mobile phone brands. The study was built upon six key attributes (telephone features, connection fee, access cost, mobile-to-mobile phone rates, call rates and free calls) related to mobile phone purchasing respondents had to importance rate. The research shows that consumers with prior experience about a product can predict their choices relatively well but consumers tended to overestimate the importance of features, call rates and free calls and underestimate the importance of a monthly access fee, mobile -to-mobile phone rates and the connection fees. Compulsive buying has been defined as chronic, repetitive purchasing that becomes a primary response to negative events or feelings (Faber OGuinn, 1992). It is different from compulsive spending. Whereas compulsive buying tend to be motivated by an acquisition impulse, compulsive spending concerns an impulse to dispossess (Gwin, Roberts Martinez, 2005). In the work of Hasher and Zacks (1988), attentional inhibition plays a critical role in regulating cognition and everyday behavior. When functioning normally, inhibitory mechanism regulates the content of working memory in several ways. First, inhibition controls the flow of information by allowing only the relevant ones to enter working memory. Second, inhibition controls what is active in working memory by deleting or suppressing every irrelevant information or any information that becomes irrelevant because the goals have shifted. Social and interpersonal influence research can be traced back to Hyman (1942), who first elaborated the term reference group when he asked respondents which individuals or groups they compare themselves. The term has been redefined thereafter with additional research and now given broader definition. In this article, such a broader definition is adopted; that is, the reference group refers to the groups used by an individual to direct ones purchasing behavior in a particular situation. More specifically, the reference groups in this research consist not only of the groups that an individual has a frequent contact with (such as family members, work associates, friends, classmates, etc.), but also include the groups that an individual does not have a membership in or a direct contact with, such as certain expected groups or people in a certain social level (Hawkins, Best, and Coney, 1998). Pakola et al. (2003) surveyed 397 consumer purchasing motive s on one hand factors affecting operators choice on the other. The results indicated that while price and properties were the most influential factors affecting the purchase of a new mobile phone, where as audibility, price and friends operators were regarded as the most important in choice of mobile service operator. Gupta (2007) concluded that Indian mobile user is willing to spend Rs.6,900 on an average for the next handset. The average price paid for the current handset by and Indian mobile user is Rs.3,700. The incremental spend for the next hand has grown to Rs.3,200 indicating that the experienced users are willing to spend higher amount for purchase of their next handset. Liu (2002) examined factors affecting the brand decision in the mobile phone industry in Asia. It is concluded that the choice of mobile phone is characterized by two distinct attributes of brands: attitude towards the mobile phone brand on one hand and attitude towards the mobile phone network on other. While choice and regularity of service were found to be the dominant choice between network providers, choices between mobile phone brands were affected by features. Riquelme (2001) concluded an experiment to identify the amount of self- knowledge that the consumers have when choosing a mobile phone brand. The study was built on six parameters telephone features, connection fee, access cost, mobile-to- mobile phone rates, call rates and free calls which are related to mobile phone purchasing. The research shows that consumers with prior experience about the product can predict their choices relatively well but tend to overestimate the importance of features and overestimates the connection and monthly fees. Karountzos, et al. (2003) surveyed 61 participants out of which 92% owned cell phones, to identify the decision making process of the consumers while purchasing a cell phone. Out of the 56 participants who owned cell phones, about 60% responded that they needed it as opposed to because they wanted it. Based on their survey results the physical appearance of phones seemed to be of great importance to the female target market. Males on the either hand simply care about the actual function of the phone. Karjaluoto, et al. (2005) surveyed 66 participants in Finland about their buying behavior. Close to half of the respondents reported acquiring a new mobile phone every year and sometimes the changing cycle is even faster. The most explicit reason for changing was that the old one was broken or did not work properly. This meant for the participants that the mobile phone did not work, the calls were interrupted, for example due to weak audibility, battery was weak, the screen was out of order or keypad was so consumed that the numbers were invisible. While mobile phones were also acquired due to new features including color display and polyphonic ring tones, some respondents bought new phones in order to get an innovator and/or opinion leader status. Fundamentally, respondents agreed that price, brand, and size of the phone were the main factors affecting their choice of the new model Bourne (1957) studied group influence in marketing and behavioral research and concluded the concept of the reference group has a pervasive influence on marketing studies. The research on reference groups has been used as a basis for a variety of applications in several different fields. For example, it has been argued that the reference group concept should be applied in behavior studies of specific groups, such as: farmers, scientists, alcoholics, mentally ill patients, and of course, different segments of consumers (Hyman and Singer, 1968). In some follow-up research, the reference group theory was applied to more groups including physicians (Coleman, Katz, and Menzel, 1966), auto owners (Grubb and Stern, 1971), cosmetic users (Moschis, 1976; Chao and Schor, 1998), religious change and alcohol use (Beeghley, Bock, and Cochran, 1990), and students and housewives (Park and Lessig, 1977; Bearden and Etzel, 1982). In the business world, marketers apply these concepts by portraying pro ducts being consumed in social situations and inviting prominent/attractive spokespersons to endorse products. It is widely accepted that the traditional problem solving approach involving rational decision making to the study of consumer choice may not be suitable for all situations, or is at least incomplete to understand choice behavior. Limited information search and evaluation of alternatives led to a situation in which consumer choice is also driven by hedonic considerations (e.g., Dhar and Wertenbroch, 2000). In general, a common distinction to be made is that while the utilitarian goods usually are primary instrumental and functional, hedonic goods provide fun, pleasure and excitement. It has been noted that many choices have both utilitarian and hedonic features (Batra and Ahtola, 1990), and thus it can also be proposed that the choice between mobile phones has both utilitarian (e.g., communication, time planning) and hedonic (e.g., games, camera) features. The younger the consumer the more hedonistic features consumers tend to value in mobile phones (Wilska, 2003). Quite similarly, consumer choice can also be approached from the perspective of conscious and nonconscious choice (e.g., Fitzsimons et al., 2002). Quite many choice situations occur outside of conscious awareness and with limited information search (Kivetz and Simonson, 2000) and it can be stated that many choices have both conscious and nonconscious motives. Fitzsimons et al. (2002) found that in many cases nonconscious influences affect choice much more than is traditionally believed by researchers. CHAPTER 3: Problem statement, Objectives, Hypothesis Research Methodology The cell phone market is experiencing tough competition amongst all the cell phone sellers, each providing cheaper and attractive handsets. A variety of handsets have been launched to attract the customers. In the backdrop of this scenario, this study is conducted to understand how customers place these companies in their mind. This study tries to judge the perception of respondents by taking into account top end features, basic features, brand image, economy, additional features, and versatility physical characteristics provided by handset sellers. Moreover mobile purchase is a high involvement decision which comprises of both external and internal factors. Therefore it is necessary for the marketers to keep in mind the various factors which undergoes while the purchase of a mobile phone so that they can place the phone accordingly , for the right segment , in the right place with right price and finally with the right branding.Accordingly following objectives were determined for re search. Objectives: To determine brand loyalty and propensity to switch To segment market on the basis of usage pattern To determine the factors and features buyer consider before buying a mobile phone To determine social factors affecting buyer behavior Major Hypothesis: There is a significant relationship between gender and social factors There is a significant relationship between gender and factors affecting purchase decisions Consumer give preference to price and reliability over other factors Mobile phone has shifted from a technical object to social objct Segmenting consumers on basis of decision making process Testing loyalty for brands Data Collection: For the following report both Primary secondary data has been used. Respondents were chosen on random basis judgmental sampling was done. Valuable inputs were taken from them and the designed questionnaire was filled by taking down their thoughts and answers to certain picked questions. Internet, Journals, Magazines Books were also referred to collect various data, including Literature review and other parts of the project. Sampling technique: Sample of respondents was drawn using the following sampling technique: Simple random sampling Analytical tool: The analysis was done using MS Excel SPSS. Factor Analysis, Cluster Analysis and Crosstabulations were done using SPSS. MS Excel was used to draw graphs and charts. DATA COLLECTION SOURCES Questionnaire Design A structured questionnaire was designed. It contained closed ended questions. {Specimen of the questionnaire is attached in Annexure}. SAMPLE SIZE: A sample size of 150 was taken to facilitate the research. Gender Frequency Percentage Total Male 74 49.3 150 Female 76 50.7 AGE 20-25 48 32 150 25-30 51 34 30-35 51 34 LOCATION DELHI 90 60 150 NOIDA 28 18.7 GURGAON 32 27.3 PROFESSION STUDENT 18 12 150 BUSINESS 15 10 SERVICE 108 72 HOUSE WIFE 9 6 EDUCATION Till Intermediate 12 3 150 UNDER GRADUATE 63 42 POST GRADUATE 84 56 (Table 3.1) CHAPTER 4: Data Analysis and Interpretation RELIABILTY STATISTIC Cronbachs alpha is a reliability coefficient based on the average covariance among items in a scale. Because alpha can be interpreted as a correlation coefficient, it ranges in value from 0 to 1. (Negative alpha values can occur when items arent positively correlated among themselves and the reliability model is violated). A high alpha (.7 and higher) would be consistent with hypothesis that all of scale items are measuring the same construct. The Cronbach Alpha reliability test was done for 54 items and the resultant ÃŽÂ ± value for the data is .918. On the basis of high ÃŽÂ ± value we can conclude that data is authentic. Cronbachs Alpha N of Items .918 54 (Table 4.1) Factor Analysis to determine significant factors affecting purchase decisions (Factor Analysis 1) Factor analysis is a statistical procedure used to uncover relationships among many variables. This allows numerous inter-correlated variables to be condensed into fewer dimensions, called factors. The new factors are used as explanatory variables during choice modeling .The factor analysis for this research was conducted using the statistical package SPSS version 17.0 for windows. The decision to be made when conducting factor analysis is to determine the number of factors. One rule of thumb is to use an Eigen value of one as the cut-off value. That is, all factors in a particular solution must have Eigen values greater than one. Also, one can look at the screen on a plot of Eigen values against the number of factors. Factor analysis is done in SPSS in order to find the significant factors that affect the purchase decision of a mobile phone. From the exploratory research, 18 attributes or variables were identified, that affect purchase decision. The significant factors are then identified using factor analysis. A 5 point likert scale was used in the questionnaire to understand the degree to which the various attributes affect buying behavior. Factor Analysis 1 Rotated Component Matrix Component 1 2 3 4 5 Browsing www -.081 .189 .883 .055 -.161 Email -.234 .286 .825 .163 -.016 WAP services .115 .181 .823 .102 .245 Built in camera .378 .565 .494 .140 .112 Appearance .176 .678 .378 .131 .159 Small size .201 .343 .044 -.035 .761 Known Brand .042 .818 .169 .088 .158 Model at reduced price .779 .032 -.171 .075 .220 Innovative Features .249 .141 .464 .657 -.014 Multimedia .164 .210 .298 .722 .237 Design -.039 .625 .286 .408 -.030 Brand Name .102 .741 .142 .247 .026 Outside Influence .490 .370 -.049 .283 .074 Price .857 -.088 -.073 .104 .154 Reliability .839 .017 .069 .171 .104 Advertisements .139 .265 -.102 .712 -.173 User Friendliness .691 .373 -.004 -.069 -.437 Customization .799 .281 .227 .117 -.187 (Table 4.2) For an acceptable factor solution, the following conditions need to be satisfied: Rotated Eigenvalues > 1.0 % Cumulative variance explained should be greater than 70% From the factor analysis output, we can see that The Eigen values are greater than one for 5 factors. 72.667% of the variance is explained by the factors. Thus, the factor analysis shows that there are 12 significant factors affecting purchase behavior. From the Rotated Component Matrix, the constituent variables of each factor are identified as follows: Component 1 Function (Model at reduced price, Price, Reliability, Customization) Component 2 Function (Known Brand, Brand Name) Component 3 Function (Browsing www, email, WAP services) Component 4 Function (Multimedia, Advertisements) Component 5 Function (Small Size) PERCEPTUAL MAPS Perceptual Maps are created with the factors identified as the axis and the attributes are depicted as vectors. Perceptual mapping has been used as a strategic management tool and it offers a unique ability to communicate the complex relationships between marketplace competitors and the criteria used by buyers in making purchase decisions. The length of an attribute vector (or arrow, in this map) is equal to the square root of the sum of its squared correlations with the dimension. This can never be greater than one, and the rela

A Cultural Examination of the Russian Federation Essay -- cultural mar

â€Æ' Introduction In 1991, the great social experiment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics dissolved. The empire spanning almost five centuries, from the remnants of the Golden Horde to Stalin's "new Russia" (Hoskins, 1997) from Poland to the Pacific disappeared, leaving a political-sociological void that is only now moving towards resolution. Still the largest nation in the world (Shultz, 2000), Russia spans two continents, multiple time zones, and a land area that diminishes that of the United States. Although it no longer demonstrates the breadth of cultural conglomeration existing in the era of Soviet existence, the Russian Federation provides for an interesting cultural examination, and will be the basis of this paper. Specifically, this paper will examine six different areas of culture noted by the Hofstede Centre's 6-D model; power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, pragmatism, and indulgence. A bar-graph of the various scorings of Russia by the standards of the Hofstede Centre to provide a visual representation of the information to be examined in this paper is provided below. Providing a cultural baseline also will assist the reader in examining a nation such as Russia, therefore the author has included cultural references and notations to the United States of America. As well, though it is outside the scope of this paper, a brief historical examination of different areas of Russia's culture will be offered, as to fully understand a nation's cultural existence and development, knowledge of its history is required. Power Distance The dimension of power distance, according to the Hofstede Centre, indicates that â€Å"[t]he extent to which the less powerful members within ... ...Soviet era, it will be of interest to examine these cultural markers and see if the nation will remain as it has throughout much of similar changes, or if Russia will truly redefine herself as the 21st century continues. References Hosking, G. (1997). Russia: People and empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. K., P. A. (2011). In this issue: Russia's special path. Russian Social Science Review, 52(6), 3. Kostenk, N. V. (2011). Information-culture styles in Russia and Ukraine. Sociological Research, 50(4), 57-86. Russia. (n.d.). In The Hofstede Centre. Web. January 28, 2015, from http://geert- hofstede.com/russia.html Schultze, S. (2000). Culture and customs of Russia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. United States. (n.d.). In The Hofstede Centre. Web. January 28, 2015, from http://geert-hofstede.com/united-states.html

Comparing Walt Whitman and Ralph Emerson :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing Walt Whitman and Ralph Emerson Walt Whitman is Jay Leno and Ralph Emerson is Ed Hall. Walt takes the instructions announced by Emerson and runs gallantly with them making beautiful and insightful poetry. Walt Whitman and Ralph Emerson spoke out in an age where society was not ready for such dramatic writers. Whitman uses several of Emerson's topics and styles to be that good poet. Whitman elaborates on the characteristics of a poet, freedom, children, and animals. In order to understand any comparison of the two author's one must first read and comprehend that Emerson's writing are clearly an instruction manual that Whitman adopts in order to become an outstanding poet. Emerson believes we must, "look in vain for the poet whom I describe. We do not, with sufficient plainness, or sufficient profoundness, address ourselves to life, nor dare we chaunt our own times and social circumstances. If we filled the day with bravery, we should not shrink from celebrating it. Time and nature yield us many gifts, but not yet the timely man, the new religion, the reconciler, whom all things await" (Emerson 1653). Emerson is stating how everything can be a poem and a poet can reflect on valuable resources like nature to draw on and write. Whitman clearly uses this guide in order to write his poetry. He agrees that nature is a valuable tool. In addition, Whitman elaborates that any person and any nature is in itself poet and poem. He thinks America is full of poets. Whitman reflects saying, "I celebrate myself, and what I assume you shall assume, for every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loafe and invite my soul . . . houses and rooms full of perfumes . . . the shelves are crowed with perfumes" (Whitman 2743). Whitman expresses himself and how he wants others to take notice and realize poetry is all around. People want freedom, and this characteristic is a focus in both poet's works. In Emerson freedom is referred to as, "the ancient British bards had for the title of their order, 'Those who are free throughout the world.' They are free, and they make free"(Emerson 1657).

Fossil Gaps Essay examples -- Geology Evolution Essays Biology

Fossil Gaps â€Å"The study of fossils provides strong evidence for evolution.† (Campbell, 260) Or does it? The fact is that the fossil record is a silent testimony against Darwin’s erroneous theories of the fossil record documenting his idea of macroevolution. The book, Biology: Concepts and Connections (hereafter referred to as Biology), clearly agrees with the evolutionary outlook of â€Å"fossils [being] a rich source of evidence for evolution.† (Campbell, 260) However, this book, along with most evolutionists, avoids the substantial questions the fossil record actually represents. In the rock layers of the earth, scientists have found many fossils (preserved traces of plants and animals). According to evolutionary paleontologists (scientists studying fossil remains), the history of this world is recorded in the rocks that make up the earth’s crust and the fossils that they contain. Evolutionists claim that these rocks have been forming, wearing away, and reforming since the world began. (Halbach, 387) Although Biology often overlooks the criteria arguing against evolution, it still contains the gaps that the evolutionary theory possesses. Among these gaps are the arguments against the fossil record – circular reasoning, reversed geological columns, polystrate fossils, sediment accumulation, inconclusive physical evidence, and lack of transitional fossils. A scientist named Gliedman gives an excellent summary reflecting upon the latter dispute: â€Å"No fossil or other physical evidence directly connects man to ape.... The problem for gradualists [those who support gradual evolution or orthodox Darwinian evolution] is that... these ancestral species remain essentially unchanged throughout their ‘million-year life spans’, yet each of them differs substantially from its immediate predecessor.† (Glideman, 90-91) Biology holds the evolutionary view of older fossils deep in the strata are those of the primitive evolving organisms. The youngest rocks, which are on the topmost strata of the earth’s crust, are supposed to contain fossils of organisms which have more recently evolved – and therefore are similar to organisms alive today. Geologists and paleontologists have devised a geological time chart to show what they assume to be the evolutionary outline of the earth’s history. According to this time scale, the earth’s history can be divided into eras; each ... ...ry tales with facts. It is true that evolution has been mixed with science for the last thirty years, but that does not mean that it is the same as science – it is simply another scientific theory. Bibliography 1. Baker, Sylvia. Bone of Contention: Is Evolution true? USA: Presbyterian & Reformed Publishing Company, 1996. 2. Campbell, Neil A., Lawrence G. Mitchlell, and Jane B. Reece. Biology: Concepts and Connections, Third ed. Canada: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., 1994. 3. Darwin, Charles. The Origin of Species. New York: Princeton University Press, 1962. 4. Gliedman, John. â€Å"Mutations.† Science Digest. New York: Hafner, 1982. 5. Hakbach, John. Science: Order and Reality. USA: A Beka Book Publications, 1995. 6. McLean, G. S.; McLean, Larry; Oakland, Roger. The Bible Key to Understanding the Early Earth. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Southwest Radio Church, 1987. 7. Morris, Henry M. Scientific Creationism. El Cajon, California: Master Books, April 1985. 8. Schuchert, Charles. A TextBook of Geology. London: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995. 9. Stanley, Steven M. "Fossil." World Book Online. America’s Ed., Worldbookonline.com. Chicago: World Book, Inc., 2002.

History of Dogs

Rachel Bikshorn Eng 101 Informational Paper: Breeding of Dogs Over Time There are hundreds of breeds of dogs all over the world today. These dogs started off as wild animals that were domesticated for the benefit of humans. Purposes for breeding and domesticating dogs have changed since the beginning of the process. However, humankind has always taken advantage of what dogs can do for us. Dogs have been a large part of our lives from the very start. Some of their purposes have changed from more aggressive characteristics in hunting, to more passive behaviors to assist those in need.As humans have changed and evolved over time, so have our dogs. Early dogs were used for hunting large animals. Cave paintings dating back ten thousand years ago portray dogs helping a hunter take down extremely large animals (Coren 120 picture 2). These dogs were usually tamed wolves that could be used for hunting and protection. These dogs had a pack mentality and were very protective of the other dogs a nd humans apart of their pack (Coren 120). Later, hunting dogs would still be use, but for different reasons and animals. Later in society, more breeds of dogs were showing up, but for similar purposes.Breeds of dogs, such as pointers, spaniels, hounds, and terriers were used for hunting smaller animals. They would hunt for birds, foxes, ducks, deer, and rabbits (Coren 120 picture 9-13). Other breeds were used for service work to assist with jobs at home, transportation, or to help move objects. Many breeds of sheepdogs were used on farms to herd livestock. They were sought out for herding because they lacked a tail. This was â€Å"a desirable trait because of a tax structure that defined as taxable livestock anything born with a tail† (Coren 120 picture 14).Breeds such as the husky were and still are used in team to pull people and objects across snow-covered grounds. â€Å"The dog teams are organized much like a wolf pack, with a leader, or king whose movements coordinate the activities of the other animals† (Coren 120 picture 15). The other dogs on the sled team pay attention to the pack leader and follow that dog. Other, smaller breeds were used to pull small carts with objects such as rags (Coren 120 picture 16). Saint Bernards are extremely large dogs that came from Italy and the Swiss Alps.These dogs were used in search and rescue mission in the mountains. They were also used as herding dogs, livestock guardians, hunting dogs, and watchdogs (Saint Bernards- History and Information 3). Currently, dogs are still a huge part of our lives. As we have adapted to society and technology advances, so have our purposes for keeping dogs and certain breeds close in our lives. Dogs and dog breeds have also adapted to our everyday needs as they have changed in society. More commonly now, we see dogs as family oriented.They still assist in safety work and service help, but breeds are now commonly bred for family and show purposes. Commonly German Shepar ds are used as police dogs. These dogs sniff out drugs and bombs at bus stations, airports, checkpoints, and many other places. The key positive about using sniffing dogs is that it is not considered a search. There does not need to be evidence of drugs or bombs to bring out a sniffing dog. They simply sniff and detect or do not detect illegal objects (Savage). Dogs are also used to help the public through service.Many breeds that are known to be more docile and passive work with people who have special needs. These may include children, adults, elderly, and people with disabilities. Therapy dogs can be found visiting patients in nursing homes and hospitals to help ease the pain and anxiety for the residents. A study was done to see how therapy dogs affected anxiety levels in patients that needed an MRI. In order to get a clear picture from the test, the patient must be very still. If they are nervous and moving slightly, the picture is not clear.The study had two groups of people t hat needed an MRI. One group spent time with a therapy dog beforehand and the others did not. The study showed that â€Å"time spent with a dog seemed to substitute for the anti-anxiety medications some patients need to get through and MRI† (HealthDay). Dogs have a calming affect on people and can be used at substitute for drugs in certain situations. Other dogs that are also calmer and more docile have been used for service work. These dogs work with blind and deaf people.Guide dogs for the blind are ranked as â€Å"one of the most useful modern occupation for a working dog† (Serpell 52). Commonly Labradors and golden retrievers are used as guide dogs. Thanks to these dogs, people with disabilities are able to function on their own in society. Most commonly you can find dogs of all different breeds in people’s homes. Although many dogs are used for working purposes, many are also simply house pets. Dogs that are family oriented and friendly with other people an d pets are most likely what one would find in a home setting with a dog.Certain breeds, such as the pug have not been used for anything else other than companion dogs and pets. Another breed, the King Charles spaniel, has been bred to be loving and gentle. Some characteristics are specifically bred for housedogs and pets (Coren 120 picture 17-18). Dogs that have certain personality traits and physical characteristics have been bred for multiple purposes. Newly, purposes have been for helpful and caring reasons. It has become increasingly popular to breed dogs with strong physical and personality characteristics for show and sport purposes.Today, dog breeding â€Å"in most countries is dominated by the show-ring† (Serpell 61). Exemplary models of dog breeds are bred and trained for sport or show. Dogs in top physical condition compete in dog shows where their bodily skills are shown off in obstacle courses and physical tasks. Other dogs that are in top condition for looks and behavior compete in dog shows where judges pick the best in show for certain categories of dogs. The categories where a dog is picked as the winner include; sporting, hounds, working, terrier, toy, non-sporting, and herding (American Kennel Club).Over time, humans have used dogs in ways that best benefit our lives in the time period. As we have changed and evolved, so have our dogs. From the wildest and newly domesticated, to the simple house pet, dogs have always had a purpose in our lives. We have bred them over time to help us with our everyday needs, and in return they have been loving and loyal companions. Resources: â€Å"St. Bernard Dogs a History and Information. † St. Bernard Dogs a History and Information. Copyright August 7, 2011. Web October 25, 2012. Savage, David. â€Å"Top Justices See Benefits of Police Dogs†.Los Angeles Times. Copyright November 11, 2004. Web October 25, 2012. â€Å"Therapy Dogs May Help Ease Anxiety of MRI†. HealthDay. U. S. Ne ws. Copyright May 6, 2011. Web October 25, 2012. â€Å"A Beginner’s Guide to Dog Shows†. American Kennel Club. Copyright 2012. Web October 25, 2012. Serpell, James. The Domestic Dog: its evolution, behavior, and interactions with people. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Coren, Stanley. The Intelligence of Dogs: A Guide to the Thoughts, Emotions, and Inner Lives or our Canine Companions. New york: The Free Press, 1994.

Palawan Case Essay

The name Palawan to the highest degree probably was habituated by the Chinese as fara mien back as the 9th Century. They called it PA-LAO-YU, or solid ground of well-favoured safe harbour. Others hope it came from the Indian word Palawans meaning filth. The popular believe is that Palawan is a alter form of the Spanish word paratrooper agua because the main islands convention resembles a shut outd umbrella.The limits of the Province ar Busuanga island in the northAgutaya group of islands neonCagayancillo (who has not heard about Tubattaha Reef) in the eastBalabac island in the southSpratly Kalayaan in the WestI. rough Palawan IslandsPalawan is wizard of the pop turned Unexplored Islands in the Pacific, as easy as the location of the 1997 James attach thriller Tomorrow Never Dies. Jacques Cousteau remarked that Palawan was the just about beautiful place he ever explored. historied underwater explorer Jacques Costeau has described Palawan as having matchless of t he most Beautiful oceanscapes in the world. Sprawled beneath the seas atomic number 18 nearly 11,000 comforting kilometers of precious coral reefs. Myriads of fish swim in these underwater gardens. Palawan probably has more protected beas than any different land in the Philippines.The Calauit Wildlife Sanctuary in the Yankee Calamianes islands is ingleside to strange and endemic species of animals that roam freely in its verdant hills and plains. On the northerly shoreline, the El Nido Marine Reserve is storied for its edible wenchs nests and limestone cliffs. In the middle of the Sulu Sea lies the Tubbataha reefs, a pair of coral atolls tardily named as a military man inheritance Site for its highly diverse accretion of fishes and other(a) maritime life. Along the due west coast, the St. Paul Subterranean resign field parkland features old-growth forests, cathedral caves, white sand beaches, and one of the longest underground rivers in the world. In the South , Ursula Island is a haven for migratory and nonmigratory birds.II. People, Culture and Way of victualsa. BatakThe Batak, which actor mountain galactic number in Cuyonon is a group of indigenous Filipino plenty that resides in the northeast portion of Palawan. They operate in the rugged interiors of northeastern Palawan. Living close to nature, they argon a cool and shy people. These people believe in nature spirits, with whom they communicate through a babaylan or medium.b. PalaweosNative-born lowland dwellers (calling themselves Palaweos, much to the amusement and distress of the headmaster tribal groups, such as the Palawan who be called Palawano by outsiders) admit the Cuyunon, Agutayanon sub-groups. The Cuyunons, originally from the island townsfolk of Cuyo in northern Palawan, ar considered the selected class in this group. They ar religious, check and have a highly essential community spirit. Their conversion to Christianity has led to the merger of the animistic beliefs of the Cuyunon with the Christian elements to produce a folk Christianity which is the prevailing belief of the Cuyunon. The Agutayanons manage a simpler island lifestyle, with fishing and farming as their main source of livelihood.c. PalawanoThe Palawano tribe, similarly know as Palawan (or Palawan, depending on sub-dialect) or Palawano (only by outsiders), is one of the grotesque and crude(a) indigenous peoples of Palawan. They atomic number 18 part of the hulking Manobo-based linguistic groups of southern Philippines. They traditionally follow using soars and bamboo blowguns.d. Taawt-BatoThe Taawt Bato means people of the rock. They atomic number 18 not actually a separate language or ethnic group, entirely rather a small community of traditional southwesterly Palawanos who happen to reside in the volcanic crater of an extinct volcano during certain seasons of the year, in houses built on raised floors at bottom caves though others have set their hom es on the open slopes.They are make up in the Singnapan Basin, a valley bounded by Mount Matalingahan on the east and the coast on the west. coupling of them is the municipality of Quezon and to the South are the sleek over unexplored regions of Palawan. They still primitive in their lifestyle, even in the way of dressing. The men still wear g-strings do of bark and cloth and the women wear a piece of cloth do into skirts to put out the lower frame. Both of them are half-naked but sometimes women wear a blouse that is not indigenous but obtained through the administer systeme. TagbanwaThe Tagbanwa tribes, or people of the world, are found in central and northern Palawan. They coiffe shifting passionivation of subalpine strain, which is considered a divine gift, and are cognise for their rice wine ritual called pagdiwata. primaeval Tagbanwas are found in the occidental and eastern coastal areas of central Palawan. They are concentrated in the municipalities of Aborla n, Quezon, and Puerto Princesa. Calamian Tagbanwa, on the other hand, are found in Baras coast, Busuanga Island, Coron Island, Linipacan Calibangbangan, a Cultural Preservation area (off limits to foreigners and the largest adjoining grouping), and in some parts of El Nido. Shifting cultivation of upland rice is part of their cultural and economic practices.rice is considered a divine gift and are fermented to make rice wine, which they use in Pagdiwata, or rice wine ritual. The cult of the dead is the key to the religious system of the Tagbanwa. They believe in several deities found in the natural environment. Their language and alphabet, practice of kaingin and common belief in soul-relatives are part of their culture. This group are exquisite in basketry and wood carving. In addition, they are likewise famous for their beautifully crafted body accessories. Their combs, bracelets, necklaces and anklets are usually make of wood, beads, brass and copper.III. Economy (Products)Pa lawans saving is basically clownish. The three major crops are palay, corn and coconut. Mineral resources include nickel, copper, manganese, and chromite. enter is also a major manufacturing. Palawan has one of the richest fishing grounds in the landed estate. nearly 45% of Manilas add up of fish commences from here. Having natural gas militia of approximately 30,000 trillion cubic feet, the state is the only oil-producing province in the pastoral. In addition, touristry is also a well-situated sector. Pearl diving used to be a significant economic natural action for Palawan until the advent of plastics. The worlds largest pearl, the 240mm diameter Pearl of Lao Tzu, was found off Palawan in 1934. Palawans insular characteristics clothe it with vast fishing grounds.The varieties of fish caught in commercial quantities are milkfish (bangus), eel and moray (palos, pindangga), grouper (lapu lapu, kolapu), sea bass (apahap), snapper (maya maya), surgeon fish (labahita), sli pmouth (sap sap), pomfret (pampano), mackerel (tangingi), sardines (tonsoy, tamban), anchovies (dilis), yellow fin and de sawbuckatory eyed tuna (albacore, tambacol), swordfish (malasugi), cheat (pating), rays (pagi), blue steer (alimasag), mangrove crabs (alimango), lobster (banagan), white shrimps (hipong puti), oysters (talaba), green mussels (tahong), giant clam (taklobo), squid (pusit), octopus (pugita).About 35% of the total national catch comes from Palawan. Palawan also has rich deposits of minerals. answerual mining and preliminary operations are ongoing for nickel, mercury (the biggest deposit in South einsteinium Asia), chromite, manganese, barite, feldspar, silica, guano, limestone, marble. There are new discoveries of copper, gold, iron, asbestos, talc, quartz, remains and sulphur. In the northeast of the province offshore there is oil and gas. Palawan has 52 rivers, 4 small lakes and countless small streams. The most unique amongst all these is the Princesa Underground River, voiding in St Pauls mouth on the west coast. The economic and agricultural business growth of province is at 20% per annum. Coconut, sugar, rice, lumber, and livestock are produced here.IV. far-famed Sitesa. Calauit Game P entertain and Wildlife SanctuaryA game reserve and wildlife sanctuary of exotic African animals and endangered endemic animals of Palawan. The reserve was established on August 31, 1976 by virtue of the Presidential Decree No.1578, this was initiated in response to the appeal of the International coupler for the Conservation of Nature to help assuage African wildlife when former President Ferdinand Marcos attend the 3rd World Conference in Kenya. By virtue of the Republic Act 7611 (SEP), administrative jurisdiction of DENR was given to the local government of Palawan, effective December 31, 1993. steering of the area is the responsibility of the Office of the Palawan Council of sustainable Development (PCSD). It is located in Calauit Isla nd in Busuanga.b. Coron Reefs, Coron Bay, BusuangaSeven lakes surrounded by craggy limestone cliffs attract hundreds of nature lovers to Coron Reefs in Union Palawan, near the town of Coron. Busuanga Island, whose main town is Coron, is the jump-off point for numerous dive operators. The star dive sites are 12 World War II Nipponese shipwrecks sink on September 24, 1944 by US Navy action. They range in deepness from the surface to 40 meters. This large diverseness offers exciting wreck exploration for enthusiasts, from critic divers and snorkelers and recreational divers to undergo TEC divers.The aquatic views from the sunken Japanese warships off Coron Island are listed in Forbes traveler Magazines top 10 best scuba sites in the world. douse operators offer PADI dive courses ranging from Discover scuba to Assistant Instructor, Technical and Enriched Air Diving, as well as other speciality courses. Dive operators offer day diving, snorkel trips, and overnight dive safaris. Live-aboard and charter boats also offer diving in the area.c. El Nido Marine Reserve put integrity of the many beaches of El Nido, a marine reserve park and municipality at the northernmost tip of Palawan Island. d. Malampaya Sound Land and waterscape Protected AreaLocated in the Municipality of Taytay, this Copernican ecological and economic regularise is a watershed and fishing ground, and the habitat of Bottle-nosed and Irrawaddy dolphins.e. UNESCO World Heritage Sites* Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National ParkThis park features a large limestone karst landscape with an underground river. One of the rivers distinguishing features is that it emerges directly into the sea, and its lower portion is subject to tidal influences. The area also represents a significant habitat for biodiversity conservation. The site contains a full mountain-to-sea ecosystem and has some of the most important forests in Asia.Tubbataha Reef Marine ParkThe Tubbataha Reef Marine Park covers 332 km, including the North and South Reefs. It is a unique example of an atoll reef with a rattling high density of marine species the North Islet serving as a nesting site for birds and marine turtles. The site is an gauzy example of a pristine coral reef with a spectacular snow m perpendicular wall, extensive lagoons and deuce coral islands.Ursula IslandThis game refuge and bird sanctuary is situated near the Municipality of Brookes Point in southern Palawan. The isle is a migratory and wintering ground for shorebirds and seabirds.AKLANI. About AklanAklan is considered to be the oldest province in the country and is believed to have been established in the twelfth century by settlers from Borneo ruled by the chieftain Datu Dinagandan which traded with its neighbouring islands. in spite of its vibrant tourism patience and substantial culture, the province is still considered as one of the poorer provinces in the country with more than 30% of the population subsisting below the national poverty line.II. LanguagesThe most prominent languages in the province are Akeanon (Aklanon Proper), Malaysianannon and Buruanganon. Akeanon is spoken by a majority of the people, while Malaynon is spoken in Malay and Buruanganon is spoken in Buruanga, Aklan . Other regional languages used include* Ati* Hiligaynon* Kinaray-a* CapiznonIII. CultureDespite the prevalence of Christianity native beliefs about the aswang and the babaylan are still prevalent among the people. Kulam or witchcraft, topically known as amulit is still feared by many residents.IV. feastsThe province is known for its festivities which includes the Ati-Atihan Festival in Kalibo. Originally, the feast was to proceed the agreement between the Ati and the Malayan tribes who settled in the Island. The Ati live in the mountain regions and the Malay people in the flatlands or close to the water. The festivity begins on the dry season, at which time the Ati come down from the mountains to trade and cele brate with the Malayan tribes. When the Spaniards settled in the region and born-again the Malays to their Christian religion, they asked the Malays to celebrate this festivity to accede with the Feast of the Santo Nio (Holy Child) which is usually held during the third hebdomad of January.V. FaunaSeveral endemic species in the Philippines are located in the province. Examples include endangered animals such the Philippine espy Deer (Cervus alfredi), the Visayan warty pig (Sus cebifrons), and the Tarictic Hornbill (Penelopides panini). As of 2007, conservation efforts Vare being made by the Aklan State University and the DENR with varying successVI. FestivalsThe province is known for its festivities which includes the Ati-Atihan Festival in Kalibo. Originally, the festival was to celebrate the treaty between the Ati and the Malayan tribes who settled in the Island. The Ati live in the mountain regions and the Malay people in the flatlands or close to the water. The festivity begi ns on the dry season, at which time the Ati come down from the mountains to trade and celebrate with the Malayan tribes. When the Spaniards settled in the region and converted the Malays to their Christian religion, they asked the Malays to celebrate this festivity to coincide with the Feast of the Santo Nio (Holy Child) which is usually held during the third week of January.VII. Economy and lifeAklan depends greatly on agriculture. The massive and keep up education and research in agriculture product, the implementation of national program in agriculture, well-established marketing strategies, as well as the support of the agribusiness industry and other private and non-government sectors, result to better production and higher income of the farmers. Kalibos main industry is agriculture where the primary product is rice and coconuts. Kalibo is the hub for the Pia cloth industry of Aklan. The Pia and Abaca cloths are exported to various parts of the world, most curiously North A merica and Europe.Kalibo is known for other native products such as handbags made of buri leaves which is a favorite for Caucasian females see the town. Pineapple silk is considered the queen of Philippine frameworks and is the fabric of choice of the Philippine elite. During the 1996 edition of APEC in the Philippines, world leaders donned a pineapple plant silk Barong Tagalog from Kalibo during the obligatory class photo. Kalibo also has a burgeoning meat-processing cottage industry and is beginning to be noticed in the processing of locally made chorizo, tocino and other meat products, especially with Rosa Foods in the Linabuan Norte district. Remy Nadal Duck shopping mall is also a well-known central processor in the province, located at Magdalena in Kalibo